Coil Magnetization
For this
technique, the magnetic
field is produced
in the part
by wrapping cable
around it or
placing it within
a multi turn
fixed coil.
Passing current through a coil encircling a section of the test part or encircling the part produces a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coil. Strongest indications are produced when the length of the discontinuities are at right angles to the axis of the coil. The magnetic field strength of a coil is maximum near the inside wall and zero at the center of the coil.
Portable magnetizing coils are available that can be plugged directly into a standard electrical outlet. This coils are suitable for bar shaped parts.For a bar shaped part, the effective overall distance that can be inspected is 6 to 9 inches on either side of the coil opening. In testing longer parts, either the part must be moved at regular intervals through the coil or the coil must be moved along the length of the part.
When the cross
sectional area of
the coil is
10 or more
times the cross
sectional area of
the test part,
the required magnetizing
current, for object
positioned near the
inside wall of
the coil is,
I =
45000 D / N L
I =
43000 R / N {( 6 L / D ) - 5 }
If the cross sectional area of the coil is less than twice the cross sectional area [ including hollow portions ] of the test part,
I =
35000 / N {( L / D )
+ 2 }
Where : L
= length of
the test part
N =
number of turns
in the coil
R =
radius of the
coil
These equations
hold only if the L / D
ratio is between
3 and 15.
The ease with which a part can be longitudinally magnetized in a coil is significantly related to the length to diameter [ L / D ] ratio of the part. This is due to the demagnetizing effect of the magnetic poles setup at the ends of the part. This demagnetizing effect is very significant for L / D ratios of 3 or less. In such cases, pole pieces of similar cross-sectional area can be attached to both the ends to increase the length of the part and thus improve the L / D ratio.
Artificial discontinuity standards
[ such as QQI ]
shall be used
to ensure proper
current levels along
the entire axis
of the test
length.
For complex shapes, alternating current is recommended. When testing tubes in conjunction with alternating current, only the outside surface is magnetized. When testing flange-type parts, the magnetic field lines at the plane surfaces enter the material at right angles so that the sensitivity to circular cracks on the flange sides is reduced.
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